Predict the mode of decay and write a balanced nuclear reaction for each isotope.What type of particle is emitted in each nuclear reaction?.Why are particle accelerators and cyclotrons needed to create the transuranium elements?.Why are neutrons preferred to protons when preparing new isotopes of the lighter elements?.Why are these elements still present in nature? Except for some isotopes of thorium and uranium that have a very long half-life, the half-lives of the heavy elements are so short that these elements should have been completely converted to lighter, more stable elements long ago. The mass number does not change, but the atomic number of the daughter is lower by 1 than the parent. Only four primordial nuclides with atomic numbers greater than lead (Z>82)) still exist ( 209Bi, 232Th, 235U, and 238U) - and all of them are radioactive. In electron capture (EC), an electron in an inner shell reacts with a proton to produce a neutron, with emission of an x-ray. Primordial nuclides are residues from the Big Bang, from cosmogenic sources, and from ancient supernova explosions which occurred before the formation of the Solar System. Primordial nuclides are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed.How many series occur naturally? Of these, which one no longer occurs in nature? Why? Which types of nuclear decay reactions conserve both mass number and atomic number? In which do the parent and daughter nuclei have the same mass number but different atomic numbers? Which do not convert one element to another?.Can all the kinds of nuclear decay reactions discussed be characterized by the general equation: parent → daughter + particle? Explain your answer.What are the key differences between the equations written for chemical reactions and for nuclear reactions? How are they similar?.What is a mass number? Which particles have a mass number of zero?.
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